High-tech artists do not necessarily engage science. An examination of the relationship between technology and science is useful for understanding the range of artistic work related to research. Technology is seen as “knowing how,” while science is seen as “knowing why.” Engineers and technologists are seen as primarily interested in making things or refining processes, not in understanding principles. Many histories of technology are essentially histories of invention—the objects, tools, and machines that people made and the processes that made them. This definition is too broad. In Technology in Western Cultures, they define it more narrowly, as man’s effort to cope with his physical environment—both that provided by nature and that created by man’s own technological deeds, such as cities—and his attempt to subdue or control that environment by means of his imagination and ingenuity in the use of available resources. The relationship of science to technology is quite complex; it became a focus for philosophers of science and technology. Contemporary definitions of technology sometimes call it applied science—the application of scientific principles to solving problems. However, since technology predates science, it should be seen broadly, as human at tempts to shape the physical world: technology for much of its history had little relation to science, for men could and did make machines and devices without understanding why they worked or why they turned out like they did. Developers of technology used many techniques in refining their methods, including learning from other practitioners, observing all aspects of their environment, and experimenting based on instinct, and trial and error. The goal was rarely the development of scientific principles. Certainly, the experiments of many artists in finding appropriate innovations to accomplish their artistic goals could fit this description. With the Industrial Revolution and the refinement of science in the eighteenth century, technology began to draw more on scientific understanding to help solve its problems. In the twentieth century, scientific research became a major source of new technologies, and most manufacturers included scientists in their industrial research labs. Historically, technological research is considered somehow less “pure,” and less lofty than science. The origins of these attitudes lie deep in the history of Western culture. Among the Egyptians and the Greeks, fabrication was done by slaves or low artisans, and concern with the material world was considered less important than focus on more essential qualities.